buy custom Business, Society and Ethics; Coffee Growing and Fair Trade essay

purchase custom Business, Society and Ethics; Coffee Growing and Fair Trade exposition Espresso developing and drinking started in Kaffa Ethiopia, and spread all through the world. It is a broadly developed money crop particularly in Africa and is liable for a generous level of most creating nations outside salaries. Anyway espresso cultivators kept on enduring misfortunes regardless of espressos advertise and with an end goal to change this circumstance, a few non legislative associations have concocted the reasonable exchange development. Reasonable Trade Reasonable exchange is a worldwide development planned for reducing neediness and engaging ranchers through making economical market open doors for them in creating nations. For quite a while now ranchers have experienced fluctuating low market costs in the agrarian market prompting fluctuating low wages for makers. Reasonable exchange targets balancing out horticultural items ranch door costs so as to balance out ranchers salary and to shield them from out of line misfortunes. Homestead entryway prizes are characterized as the estimation of a rural item the first occasion when it is acquainted with the market. This worldwide system of nongovernmental associations looks to guarantee and name items, for example, espresso, tea and chocolate in quest for their plan. Because of this development the pay of most espresso ranchers has been settled. This is accomplished through the reasonable exchange least value which kind of goes about as a story cost to secure ranchers in the midst of downturns in the market. The reasonable exchange premium is an extra money related sum over the reasonable exchange least that has empowered ranchers to put resources into current farming innovation and improve their expectations for everyday comforts. Reasonable exchange furnishes ranchers with pre-financing to empower them get the item into the market and to provide food for creation costs. Reasonable exchange development has had a constructive outcome in that it has prompted improved item quality, stable market costs and strengthening of ranchers through instruction and preparing. The reasonable exchange advertise model speaks to a sorted out and formal exchange setting where the point is to ease neediness and give manageability by offering reasonable conditions for exchange to makers. The unhindered commerce advertise model notwithstanding, doesn't include government mediation and there is free progression of products and ventures reliant available powers; request and flexibly. It is portrayed by high and fluctuating costs. I have utilized reasonable exchange espresso before in light of the fact that it is a quality item profited at a reasonable cost. I likewise acknowledge nearby ranchers advantage when their items are upheld locally. Reasonable exchange espresso if not very much grasped by shoppers will drive ranchers to select less expensive creation strategies settling on quality. Reasonable exchange espresso is bought straightforwardly from ranchers at a more significant expense contrasted with standard espresso with the goal of giving financial motivating force to ranchers and improving their working conditions. Handling Poverty through Trade Espresso producers are confronting a significant issue because of temperamental market costs and out of line rivalry. They bargain on quality so as to exploit less expensive creation techniques. They need enough funds to bundle their items and wind up selling the espresso as an essential useful at far much lower costs than it is extremely worth. The retailers make an excess of benefit from the espresso they sell while the cultivators make almost no benefit and at times misfortunes. Reasonable exchange development targets empowering ranchers to bundle and guarantee their espresso so as to empower them present it as a completed item. This anyway can possibly work if this move is bolstered by neighborhood shoppers. In the event that they can locate a prepared nearby market it makes it simpler to offer it to global markets. Long haul contracts make a degree of solidness and decrease the vulnerability of experiencing fluctuating business sector costs. The reasonable exchange organize empowers ranchers to get to send out business sectors along these lines improving their economic situations. This has empowered heaps of espresso cultivators who had left the field during the worldwide espresso emergency to reexamine developing espresso again professionally. The vast majority don't generally consider the exertion behind the assembling of the espresso they drink. At the point when they buy espresso their choice on what espresso to buy for the most part depends on the value, quality and taste of the shopper. They are practically oblivious of their impact on the prosperity of the espresso producers. Cultivating rehearses have improved, ranchers have been engaged and get talented and their earnings have commonly expanded improving their expectations for everyday comforts all because of reasonable exchange espresso. The response towards reasonable exchange was extraordinary. Anyway the majority of the populace accepts that it is an estimable move. The contention is we are the purchasers and we have the capability of making this development a triumph or a disappointment. Buyers who follow quality particularly concurred that it was smarter to benefit costly quality espresso than modest non quality espresso. They accordingly bolster the developments principals of reasonable exchange premium and the open door for pre financing. It guarantees that enough funds are accessible to utilize current creation innovation henceforth produce quality espresso. A large portion of the populace upheld the reasonable exchange developments move to buy straightforwardly from cultivators killing agents and henceforth sparing the purchaser from following through on significant expenses to take care of exchange costs. The buyer is subsequently ready to expend quality espresso at pocket cordial costs without truly harming the cultivators salaries. The brokers anyway miss out in this course of action since they are not expected to execute among makers and constructing agents and shoppers. Naming the item enables the buyer to understand the starting point of the item as nearby and frees them of the mindset that neighborhood isn't quality. Most off the people who had not attempted organized commerce espresso had the misguided judgment that privately delivered items don't fulfill the correct quality guidelines. In prior occasions espresso was sold as an essential item at that point bundled by outsiders and there was the general confusion that the organizations answerable for this bundling by one way or another improved the espressos. Neighborhood marking changes this mentality and expands buyers trust in privately delivered products. While a large portion of the neighborhood populace is available to supporting nearby creation there is a level of them that are absolutely aloof. This gathering doesn't make a purposeful move to pick privately created items over imported items. Their contention is that the nearby makers need to up their game enough for their items to be quality as the global products. They don't have anything against the beginning of the item yet they will pick quality whenever whether or not or not these items are privately created. Reactions against the reasonable exchange territory have been raised. Pundits guarantee that this development despite everything benefits retailers more by offering them a higher markup while just giving ranchers barely more significant expenses. The development likewise focuses on cost decrease and benefit accomplishment yet it is quite evident to customers that companies that make huge benefits by selling unhindered commerce items don't pay their laborers just as the overall revenues would suggest. It along these lines may cause the misguided judgment that this development has been set up to profit the implementers as opposed to the ranchers. Another analysis is that ranchers increase cost is low at tolerably over the expense of creation and consequently espresso producers don't make as much benefit as the last venders. The general inclination is that reasonable exchange development has improved ranchers government assistance to a degree that is clearly better than anyone might have expected, however their condition can be improved. Reasonable exchange urges ranchers to shape cooperatives which some censure as empowering the degree of administration they attempt to dispose of through go betweens. Making principles in these cooperatives has not been watched and this makes pundits question whether they are a smart thought. Cooperatives can be similarly as degenerate as different associations and there is no assurance that they will shun degenerate and exploitative practices. Taking everything into account the result of this development will be productive for ranchers and consequently for the economy overall. Proceeded with privately delivered quality items won't just increment the residential market however the global market as well. Reasonable exchange likewise carries with it a degree of security particularly for ranchers because of the degree of association not at all like organized commerce which is portrayed by steady value changes and vulnerability. Purchase custom Business, Society and Ethics; Coffee Growing and Fair Trade exposition

Counterterrorism and Information Systems Your protection versus your Research Paper - 1

Counterterrorism and Information Systems Your security versus your privileges - Research Paper Example The war towards fear mongering has never been a smooth way, consequently various moral issues must be broken. A nation is constantly torn by the quandary of either shielding its residents from psychological oppression by utilization of data innovation to take care of them with expected information to assist them with battling fear based oppression and the protected privileges of people to have their own privileges. It is obvious that a cool headed choice in such a case is important as this is a moral situation and one that can cause issues whenever played with. Fundamental data in regards to people’s lives is typically meddled with during the time spent counterterrorism. For example, the administration normally utilizes individual databases to remove data about specific individuals henceforth breaking their protected individual rights. Confronted with an intense choice on breaking its sacred command to shield its residents from fear based oppressors and ensuring their privileges, by one way or another requires a legitimate choice on whether counterterrorism utilization of data innovation is moral There as a rule such a significant number of ways which the administration can battle psychological oppression without meddling with the individual privileges of their people. This can include sending spies to fear monger zones, of which it has not been effective as they in the long run get found and tough discipline regulated to them. Another option in contrast to the legislature battling psychological warfare will be through battling along with different nations to guarantee that the pioneers and the guilty parties financing them are kept. In down to earth sense, these has been one incomprehensible illicit relationship since the majority of the fear monger bunches normally live sequestered from everything and have sees all over when warriors come to assault them. Another elective that can be utilized to battle psychological warfare might be through thorough checks and racial profiling of people from nations inclined to harbor fear monger,

101 Things About Tokyo (Pt. 1)

101 Things About Tokyo (Pt. 1) A belated happy new year! „ÄÄÃ" ºÃ â€žÃ…Ç„Åë„Åæ„Åó„Å ¶â€žÃ„Å„Åä„ÇÅ„Åß„Å ®â€žÃ…Ü„Åî„Åñ„ÅÃ'„Åæ„ÅôÃ" ºÃ…Ã" ºÃ¢ So Im in Japan this IAP! Last IAP, I spent it in Madrid, with MITs IAP Spain program (which is being conducted right now again! hope theyre having fun =p) Following the tradition, Ive decided to spend this IAP in Tokyo, refining my Japanese skills. Unfortunately, because MIT does not have a IAP Japan program (hinthintnudgenudge administration? =p) I had to do this on my own, so this isnt *technically* related to MIT but I hope you (and the powers above) will forgive me for blogging about it. Last IAP, we had 3 hours of class everyday in the morning (10-1) with Profesor Gessa, and stayed with a Spanish family arranged by MIT. This IAP, I decided to follow the same format and seek out a language program (my current program meets 1:30-4:30) and a homestay as well. Through some arranging and some rearranging, Im now staying with an elderly Japanese couple who loves to travel (the grandmother, at 67 years, is embarking again on a cruise to the Carribbean next week). I go home for dinner and have most of the day (except class hours) to have fun in Tokyo! Its been really fun so far, exploring all of Tokyos neighborhoods peering into ancient shrines sitting adjacent to quirky shops trying to not stare too hard at interestingly attired young people in Harajuku and getting to know Tokyo to a deeper level than I had ever before just traveling, but not living, here (Tokyo had been a frequent family vacation location when I was still going to school in Taiwan). Also, Im trying really hard to refine my Japanese ability (so I can keep up with the constant chatter that is around me Japanese people speak so fast with so many contractions! =/ ), but it has been pretty rewarding so far. :) Although Im still not qualified to comment on what its like to spend IAP at MIT (Im probably going to do this finally during my senior year) yet, I would however say that Ive been really happy with my two IAPs so far and I think this is a really fun alternative way to spend IAP! (and Reason Why MIT is So Awesome #2103 We have IAP while other college kids have school!!!) (sorry I just love traveling too much to stay in boston over IAP. I just renewed my passport last April, and Ive filled up about 1/4 of it already =p) (and, after all, since this blog is to introduce to you an other way to spend IAP, I dont think Im off the topic too much at all. =D) =p without further ado: 101 Things You Didnt Know About Tokyo 1. There is MATCHA Ã" ºÃ â€žÃ…æ„Å £â€žÃ… °â€žÃ‡Ã‰â€žÃ„ÅÊäpËå?Ã" ºÃ¢FRAPPUCINO in Japanese Starbucks!!! 2. Americans are so protective of their personal space. Pfft. Come to Japan and theyll show you what the lack of personal space means during their rush hours. 3. Japanese Subways (now, the restaurant) cost twice as much as Boston Subways. 4. They like ~ (read: tildas) so much. They think it makes everything cuter. For example, kawaii-ne~ Um, that looks too American wannabe. Try it with kana: „Åã„Çè„ÅÃ'„ÅÃ'„Å?„Äú 5. The Japanese cell phone is a fusion between a high-def digital camera, a mini-laptop, and an entertainment center. Its rarely used in the method described by its given name. 6. Tokyo is full of crows. Perhaps the residents looked at the birds and started imitating them through their clothing. 7. It is weird given the Japanese love for cutesy, bright things (anime, Pokemon) rush hour at the subway station looks like a huge funeral (because of the crow-like black clothing suits). 8. The Japanese are pros at falling asleep in difficult positions. We introduce the keeping-your-back-completely-straight-on-the-subway-with-two-strangers-beside-you, the lets-take-a-nap-while-waiting-for-the-train-to-arrive-and-wake-up-right-when-the-train-comes, and of course, the esoteric art of standing-and-keeping-your-balance-without-holding-on-to-handles-or-leaning-on-people-while-sleeping-while-the-subway-is-still-running. 9. I think the samurais perfected the art described in 8. 10. By the way, the kanji for samurai Ã" ºÃ â€°Ã¦Ã§Ã" ºÃ¢is the same as servant in Chinese. Not many people know this. 11. Speaking of which, koi Ã" ºÃ â€žÃ…ì„ÅÃ'Ã" ºÃ¢ means both love (ÊÅãÃ" ºÃ¢and carp„ÄÄ(ÈØâÃ" ºÃ¢ in Japanese. Koi no koi,„ÄÄ(ÈØâ„ÅÆÊÅãÃ" ºÃ¢ anyone? 12. Subway signs are misleading. When they say transfer is available at this station, sometimes the other transfer platform is 700 meters away (all underground!). Transferring at Park Street (Bostons T) = a couple of steps? 13. Sorry for mentioning the subway so much you can see that I think the subway is the best place to observe the people in its natural habitat. 14. When you watch businessman (salaryman („Ç µâ€žÃ‰ ©â€žÃ‰â„¢â€žÃ‰Ã»â€žÃ‰=Ã" ºÃ¢in Japanese) eat in their popular lunch places (like Yoshinoya they are famous for the gyuudon beef rice in a big bowl, Áâõ‰? º), you are reminded of the efficiency of a factory (theyre all wearing suits, they all order the same thing, they eat at the same pace, and they leave together). 15. Another sound-alike (ok I shall stop here theres a lot in Japanese): kuuki Ã" ºÃ Ã ©?Ê8ó„ÄÅ„Åè„ÅÜ„ÅçÃ" ºÃ¢is air in Japanese, but I think it sounds an awful lot like coo-kee (try saying cookie the kawaii way). When Japanese say let the air in, I keep on mentally translating it as let the cookie in. ^____^ 16. If youre 5 minutes early, then youre late. 17. Im really suprised at the number of public toilets there are in Tokyo. Shame on you, NYC. 18. Japanese employees are remarkably efficent. Even if there is no one in the shop, theyll still find something productive to do, such as sushi chefs arranging and rearranging the placement of the fish in the refrigerated containers or Starbucks employees incessantly putting the chairs in order and wiping the tables. Standing around doesnt exist in Japan. 19. They smile at you really big and always make contact when you buy/order something at a store. I think its in their employee manuals. 20. Japanese eyeglass stores started offering free cleaning services for your glasses by placing cleaning machines (for those that havent seen them, its basically a water basin that sends out vibrations through the water and knocks off dust/oil particles stuck on your glasses) outside their doors. 21. When in doubt of what the clerks are staying to you in the restaurants/shops, just say hai. Its usually right. When its not right, tilt your head 30 degrees to the left, say e-to (ay-tow), and smile awkwardly. 22. The (Double) Quarter Pounder is a huge deal in Japanese McDonalds. I just discovered that the Quarter Pounder is actually a seasonal product (ie. comes and goes) in McDonalds maybe thats why its so popular. 23. Japanese McDees burgers look cute. The bun is perfectly rounded and the insides dont slop out like Whoppers in the states. 24. Even the French Fries are neatly cut and dont leave grease trails on the tray paper. 25. If = there is a Pokemon store in the mall. Then = that store has 5 times as much customers as any other shop in the same mall. 26. Pokemon plushies are so cute. 3 27. Speaking of Pokemon, the Japanese are largely unaware of the Mudkip phenomenon which ran rampant on US internet. 28. Speaking of plushies, Tokyo is filled with arcade shops that abound in claw machines, which I think are so Asian. (the Japanese call them UFO Catchers) 29. Among the many claw machines now in Tokyo, Rilakkuma plushies are extremely popular. 30. This sentence from the Wikipedia article made me die a little on the inside: It is speculated that Rilakkuma was created to promote a less stressful environment for the Japanese. It encourages the workforce in Japan to relax from over working. Tokyo Harbor from Odaiba an artificial island in Tokyo Harbor. The bridge is Tokyo Bay Bridge, the tower in the back is Tokyo Tower (site of many, many Japanese dramas), and the Statue of Liberty is, wellthe Statue of Liberty. 31. The San-X company puts staff members under obligation to create one cute character per month. wow. 32. Learning English is apparently very popular in Japan you see English cram school advertisements everywhere. Its ironic because a lot of these signs are written in English (to challenge the Japanese from deciphering the signs) and Im here in Japan, trying to do the opposite. -____- 33. Apparently, a gaijin (foreigner,  §Ã±â€°??„ÄÅ„Åå„ÅÃ'„Åò„Çì) man marrying a Japanese woman is okay, but for a Japanese man to marry a gaijin woman is frowned upon. 34. I met a couple (the dad is Japanese, the mom is Spanish their son speaks Japanese but looks Spanish) at Tokyo Tower I initially noticed them because they were speaking Spanish. I found it very curious that their family embodies the two languages Ive been so dedicated to learning. (its also relatively rare to see Spanish speaking people in Tokyo, so I thought it was cool). 35. Japanese vending machines carry both cold and warm (!) drinks. Warm green tea does wonders on a cold day near the harbor. 36. Japanese KFC has Fried Chicken Coated With Garlic Soy Sauce and Chili Spices (its very good). 37. The Japanese manga industry is incredibly impressive. Manga/anime sales aside, the industry has spiraled into action figures, games, DVDs, collector cards, keychains/small goodsetc. Special edition figurines can cost up to hundreds of thousands of yen. 38. As you may know, the three sentences above are nowhere doing the subject as a whole justice. 39. Maid cafes (predominantly found near Akihabara) feature waitresses dressed as anime/manga-style maids (the appeal is more cute than sexy most of the time) who address you as masters and follows your commands. 40. To satisfy the insatiable desire of popping bubble wrap, the Japanese had invented Putiputi. This is in shops everywhere! I wonder who came up with the idea. -____- Yokohama harbor at sunset/moonrise a few days ago when it was full moon! :D „Åô„Åî„ÅÃ'„Äú 41. Today (January 12) was Seijinnohi (national holiday in Japan to commemorate those turning 20, Êàê‰??„ÅÆÊó•„ÄÅ„Åõ„ÅÃ'„Åò„Çì„ÅÆ„Å=). 20 is the legal age in Japan to do just about everything (vote, drink, smoke), so turning 20 is an important event that is celebrated with the family. On Seijinnohi, many muncipal governments host coming-of-age ceremonies for young people turning 20 in their precincts, reminding them to be responsible adults. Afterwards, the young people visit jinjas Ã" ºÃ Ãâ€¢Ã»Ã §Ã¦â€žÃ„Å„Åò„Çì„Åò„ÇÉÃ" ºÃ¢(Shinto shrines) with friends/family to make wishes (oinori„ÄÅ„ÅäÁ•à„Çä„ÄÅ„Åä„ÅÃ'„ÅÆ„Çä). 42. Young woman usually dress in very fashionable kimonos„ÄÄÃ" ºÃ ÃÃ¹Ã„Á⠩„ÄńÅç„ÇÇ„ÅÆÃ" ºÃ¢ on this day to mark the celebration. 43. Putting the kimono on is a great deal of work if your mom doesnt know how to do it herself, then you usually visit a kimono shop, where the shopkeeper will help you put it on. Such a service usually costs $20,000 yen. 44. Notice that the sleeves on the kimonos are really long. Those signal singlehood. After marriage, the kimono sleeves are kept short. 45. This years festival commemorates everyone that turned 20 between January 14, 2008, and today, January 12, 2009. Which includes me! =p What did I do? I went to Meiji Jinja (the biggest shrine in Tokyo along with the throngs of everyone else„ÄÅ„ÇÅ„ÅÃ'„Åò„Åò„Çì„Åò„ÇÉ„ÄÅÊòéÊ= ªÃâ€¢Ã»Ã §Ã¦) haha and afterwards drank a cup of sweet wine (amazake Ã" ºÃ â€žÃ…Ç„Åæ„Åñ„Åë„ÄÅÁîòÈÖíÃ" ºÃ¢- which isnt not wine at all since theres virtually no alcohol content) to symbolically signify coming of age. I guess Im an adult now. hahaha. =p 46. To prevent minors from purchasing tobacco products, Japanese vending machines that sell cigarettes now have a sensor that detects a TASPO card. The card basically verifies that you are of age to purchase cigarettes and can be obtained through applying. If you do not tap a TASPO card to the vending machine, you cant buy cigarettes. 47. Marriage ceremonies (kekkonshiki, Á µÃªÃ‚ ©Ã¶Ã‚ ºÃ¨â€žÃ„Å„Åë„Å £â€žÃ…ì„Çì„Åó„ÅçÃ" ºÃ¢in Japan are often held in Shinto jinjas, under the auspices of the torii (the entrance to a Shinto shrine usually red often translated as fairy gate in English „Å ®â€žÃ‡Ã¤â€žÃ…Ã'„ÄÅÈ=•Â ±Ã–). However, funerals (osoushiki, „ÅäËë ¨Ã‚ ºÃ¨â€žÃ„Å„Åä„Åù„ÅÜ„Åó„ÅçÃ" ºÃ¢ are most often conducted in the Buddhist fashion, with a monk chanting sutras to accompany the deceased. 48. The wood in the biggest torii at Meiji Jinja came from Taiwan! (when Meiji Jinja was built, Japan controlled Taiwan and shipped a lot of Taiwanese cedar wood out to Japan for their shrines and buildings) 49. Im in Starbucks right now. Some Americans sitting next to me pointed at my Macbook and gave me a thumbs-up and proceeded to praising Macs (in Japanese). 50. Do I look Japanese? o____o The Meiji Jinja Main Torii The continuation to come with a lot about Japanese food! :) ps. This is going to come up sometime in the comments, so I might as well answer it here. I dont have any money! How can I do something like this? A language program + homestay during IAP for four weeks generally cost around $50-65 per day. It was like that last year with MIT Spain and this year, even when I did this Japan program myself, its about the same. 50-65 dollars sounds like a lot, especially when dorming is already included in your tuition for IAP and all, but this includes 2 meals, a place to stay, language school tuition (AND free language practice with host family!). In a location like Tokyo (where the living is expensive and hotels run up to $500 a night) or Madrid (with the Euro going strong against the Dollar), I dont think this is unreasonable, given the benefits that you will reap in the end (touring opportunities, added language proficiency seriously, you learn more than a semesters worth of the language in just a month and of course the ability to live in another country). Of course, I still think this is entirely up to the person. I love traveling and going places, so for me, this is the ideal way to spend a month away from school (I just cant bear to look at more calculus =p) but to each his own :D

Ancient Egypt An Ancient Civilization - 1853 Words

Have you ever wondered what it was like to be apart of an ancient civilization? Well, if I had to chose an ancient civilization to be apart of I’d chose the Egypt (Nile) because of it’s great economic standards and it’s interesting culture and religion. In Egypt they had great agriculture resources, festivals, and lots of different customs and beliefs. This all sounds interesting right? Well, if you want to know more, keep reading! What was Egypt’s economy based on exactly? You’ve heard of the Nile River right? Well, in ancient Egypt they relied on the Nile so much it was the main contributor in ancient Egypt for its agricultural wealth. Each summer the Nile had copious amounts of nutrient-rich silt onto the banks lining its side. Their fertile land was fostered the stable cultivation of crops such as barley and wheat as the Egyptian’s allowed people to move from a primarily meat-dependent society to one that could store and rely on grain, doing this it allowed them to abandon nomadic lifestyles and remain in the same place year after year so a more complex civilization could develop. For centuries, the Nile had always flooded the valley. Egyptian’s created a routine in dealing with the seasons. The flooding period was called Aketo, it usually lasted from July to December, by using the current calendar months. When the Nile flooded, farmlands were underwater so Egyptian’s used irrigation canals to run their water to the lands that couldn’t reach the Nile. From March toShow MoreRelatedAncient Egypt : An Ancient Civilization1523 Words   |  7 Pages Ancient Egypt, an ancient civilization known today as one of the world’s greatest, would last over 3000 years thanks to the many Egyptians contributing to its success. One such Egyptian was the Pharaoh, Akhenaton. Born to King Amenhotep III, Akhenaton ascended to the throne at around 1353 BCE . He was also known as Amenhotep IV, but would later change his name to Akhenaton in order to worship the god â€Å"Aton† . Akhenaton may be considered one of the most important figures in Egy ptian history seeingRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Civilizations1302 Words   |  6 PagesAs seen throughout time, one of the chief concerns of all ancient civilizations was to maintain order and stability. Civilizations such as ancient Egypt, ancient Rome and even the ancient Babylonian societies all set forth an effort to maintain stability. Influencing forces on this stability were religious, political and even geographical. I’ve noticed that many civilizations flourish for hundreds of years only to fall or be taken over by the next generation. Some cities today are remnants of theseRead MoreAncient Egypt Civilization : Ancient And Modern Egypt968 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient and Modern Egypt There are some countries that have a large civilization, but how many countries have had a successful civilization throughout its existence? What if there is a country that has a civilization from 7000 years ago that has a rich history, various progresses, cultures, governments, customs, and habits? A lot of its heritage still exists until now, Egypt was one of the most wonderful civilizations in human history. Ancient Egyptians lived around the Nile River, where they foundRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Greatest Ancient Civilizations869 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egypt was one of the greatest ancient civilizations in human history. Ancient Egypt was the longest lasting civilization in the ancient world and lasted for about 2,500 years. ancient Egypt was able to last so long because of their many great accomplishments. The most important thing that lead to the accomplishments and success of ancient Egypt was The Nile River. Ancient Egypt is often referred to as the â€Å"Gift of th e Nile† because of how important the Nile River was to the success and longevityRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization847 Words   |  4 Pagesparts of this culture was its belief in the afterlife. This belief was so widely accepted and important to the people of Egypt that it influenced many aspects of their everyday lives. The version of the afterlife that the Egyptians believed in was very different from other religions and cultures. The immortality ideology is something that many cultures grappled with. The ancient Egyptian belief was the epitome of immortality ideology. Everything that the Egyptians did was influenced by the idea ofRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization1495 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Egypt treated its women better than any of the other major civilizations of the ancient world† (Thompson). Over 6,000 years ago, the powerful civilization of Ancient Egypt began, lasting for almost 30 centuries. Ancient Egyptians t reated their cats like royalty, used spells and animal flesh to heal almost anything (Napoli Balit). Most Importantly, the people of Ancient Egypt valued their polytheistic religion above everything, they worked hard in order to get into the paradise of the afterlifeRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ancient Egyptian Civilization The Ancient Egyptians society is what I think is the best civilization that ever lived. Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. From the great pyramids of the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrantRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Civilization951 Words   |  4 Pages3400 BC, the rise of the civilization along the Nile river began what we know today as the reign of Egypt. As one of humanity s oldest civilizations, Ancient Egypt was responsible for the amalgamate out of the smaller cultures found along the Nile River and into the Nile Valley civilization, developing into the three stages of kingdoms over time. The Egyptians or the Nile Valley civilization got its name due to the proximity of the river Nil e in Egypt. Rivers of the ancient world were vital to mankindRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Civilization902 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we think of ancient civilizations the first one that normally stands out is Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians were one of the very few that arose to civilization independently, and accomplished many impressive things along the way. The Egyptian civilization stretched along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeastern Africa. Religion was at the core of everything that the Egyptians were and they stood firm for what they believed in. Their religion was based on polytheism, which was the beliefRead MoreAncient Egypt : The World Civilizations Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesWorld Civilizations I Mr. Shows 7 November 2016 Ancient Egypt Multiple factors go into account when considering that Ancient Egypt is one of the best civilizations of all time. First, the location of Egypt allowed it to prosper; second, the culture was one that the world hadn’t seen until then; third, the architecture that took place baffles scientists to this day; and lastly the impact it had on modern culture. Egypt is located in a prime location for civilization to spring up. Egypt possessed

What You Do Not Know About Literature Review Essay Topics

What You Do Not Know About Literature Review Essay Topics Taking a peek at what others have written previously will provide you with a very good idea about what depth and complexity is expected for your writing. Failure to supply perfect writing or content is likely to understand your work rejected. In any event, you'll end up with a killer review! Obviously, you would like to choose somebody who has everything required to create high high quality articles are extremely informative and optimized properly. Think imaginative and relate to the human environment if you wish to earn a thriving review. As a writer, you may create a review in many ways. For example, the sperm whale review could concentrate on the creation of the harpoon for whale hunting. Here's What I Know About Literature Review Essay Topics With a literature review, you're given a guide towards a particular topic. 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U.S. Economy in the 19th Century Free Essays

Peter Hart History 1:00-1:50 U. S. Economy in the 19th Century The Industrial Revolution first took place in Britain where it spread like wild fire. We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Economy in the 19th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eventually it made its way to America in the late 1800’s to the 19th century where it would eventually change America in every aspect. The American Revolution began because of a single British man named Samuel Slater who brought over manufacturing technologies. The creation of the cotton gin by Slater would soon be the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many new ideas and inventions that made the economy boom. The North would be the first to start the Industrial Revolution while the South stayed true to their old ways; agriculture. The effects of the Industrial Revolution put a strain on both the South and the North. On top of all of this, many changes were being made in this time period such as transportation, manufacturing, and communications. All of these changes transformed the daily lives of Americans as much as it did as any other historical event that has happened in history. Because of this major event, many effects were being taken place; Unions, working conditions and labor itself were accounted for the changes in the 19th century. The North started out as a commercial industry where trading and selling was a big part of American life. Before the Industrial Revolution hit America, people made all of their goods/products in their homes. Factories weren’t that prominent in the North until the Industrial Revolution came by. Technological advancements were nowhere to be found because they were used to making everything at home by hand. The South was farther behind in innovations than the North itself. They were strictly agricultural and farming. In due time though, a man named Samuel Slater brought over new manufacturing technologies from Britain to the United States where it would start the Industrial Revolution. From there, many more inventions were created such as the steamboat by Robert Fulton which marked the beginning in technological innovations. This invention would make transportation of goods and services quicker and more effectively. Another invention during this time period was the telegraph. The telegraph was reated by Samuel Morse. This invention was created in 1837 which allowed America to send messages to international countries all around the world. The new inventions being created in America would lead America in a direction of prosperity and a dominant force in production and at the same time agricultural ways. America would eventually emerge as the center of industry and agricultural in the late 19th century. As an effect of the Industrial revolution, population tripled, farming doubled in the amount of work due to technological inventions such as the steel plow by John Deere. This invention allowed farmers to plow fields faster and plow more fields without having to change the iron plow every time they uproot the ground. Due to this invention, more workers were needed to harvest the crops when the time came. Fortunately, a certain invention was made that helped the harvesting process go quicker and more efficiently. This invention was known as the reaper which was made in 1831 by Cyrus McCormick. Certain inventions helped working production go a lot faster than it was before the Industrial Revolution started. The U. S. Patent Office had a record of 276 inventions during the 1790’s, during the 1890’s a record of 235,000 inventions were registered. At first, the South was resistant against this new generation of inventions and industrialized cities. Ultimately, the South would fall under the new ways of the North. From 1880 to 1900, the amount of cotton mills increased dramatically; 161 to 400 in less than decade. As the need for workers rose, so did the amount of cotton. The amount of cotton increased by eightfold while the amount of workers increased by fivefold. All of these increases resulted in the creations of new inventions. As production increased, so did the need for labor. But as labor increased, so did changes in working conditions, labor itself, and Unions were created on behalf of all of the workers. Even though all of these inventions prospered America, working conditions in the factories that were producing goods such as steel, cotton fabric, and other goods were bad and harmful for the workers. The life of a 19th-century American industrial worker was far from easy. Even in decent times, wages were low, hours were long, and working conditions hazardous. Little of the wealth which the growth of the nation had produced went to its workers. The situation was worse for women and children, who made up a high percentage of the work force in some industries and often received but a fraction of the wages a man could earn. Periodic economic crises swept the nation, further eroding industrial wages and producing high levels of unemployment. At the same time, the technological improvements, which added so much to the nation’s productivity, continually reduced the demand for skilled labor. Yet the unskilled labor pool was constantly growing, as record numbers of immigrants, 18 million between 1880 and 1910, entered the country, looking for work. Before 1874, when Massachusetts passed the nation’s first legislation limiting the number of hours women and children factory workers could perform to 10 hours a day, there was literally no labor legislation that existed in the country. It was not until the 1930s that the federal government would become actively involved. Until then, it was left to the state and local authorities, few of whom were as responsive to the workers as they were to wealthy industrialists. The laissez-faire capitalism, which dominated the second half of the 19th century and fostered huge concentrations of wealth and power, was backed by a judiciary which time and again ruled against those who challenged the system. For millions, living and working conditions were poor, and the hope of escaping from a lifetime of poverty was slight to none. As late as 1900, the United States had the highest job-related death rate of any industrialized nation in the world. Most industrial workers still worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned from 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life. The situation was only worse for children, whose numbers in the work force doubled between 1870 and 1900. On top of working in harsh conditions, workers had to face low wages and long hours that consisted of a 60 hour week load. These conditions were outrageous and then eventually led to the forming of unions. The first major effort to organize workers’ groups on a nationwide basis appeared with The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor in 1869. Originally a secret, ritualistic society organized by Philadelphia garment workers, it was open to all workers, including blacks, women and farmers. The Knights grew slowly until they succeeded in facing down the great railroad baron, Jay Gould, in an 1885 strike. Within a year they added 500,000 workers to their rolls. The Knights of Labor soon fell into decline, and their place in the labor movement was steadily taken by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Rather than open its membership to all, the AFL, under former cigar union official Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers. His objectives were straight-forward and simple: increase wages, reduce hours and improve working conditions. Per se, Gompers helped turn the labor movement away from the socialist views earlier labor leaders had supported. Due to the capital not granting their goals, riots started to break out. A certain riot known as the Great Rail Strike of 1877 was taken place because of 10 percent cut in wages. This started a line of riots that spurted throughout the country. Finally, after many riots and negotiating with the bosses at the factories, conditions in factories were better and hours were decreased and wages were increased. Child labor laws were forced upon everyone, while women were given the chance to have equal opportunities and equal wages as men. All of these effects of the Industrial Revolution played a vital role in forming what is now known as America today. The Industrial Revolution led America in a way that forever changed it. It was one of the most historic events to ever happen in American history. Due to new inventions and ideas, America was led into an Industrial Revolution. With the Industrial Revolution came more jobs and Unions to protect the people in the factories from harsh working conditions, long hours, and small wages. . How to cite U.S. Economy in the 19th Century, Essay examples

Night By Elie Wisel Essays - Holocaust Literature, Night

Night by Elie Wisel In Night by Elie Wiesel, their are several instances of public hangings. Elie feels different about hanging the three men who steal soup, and the sad eyed angel. The public hangings are used as examples to what happens to prisoners if they break one of the rules. Elie has vivid memories about the public hanging. He tells us about them in the novel. One of the instances of a hanging, was when the sad eyed angel was hung. He was a kapo in the camp Elie was in. Elie liked him because of his kindness. He seemed to be the only officer in the camp that had an ounce of compassion. He hung for knowing about a secret weapon stash and not telling about it. For Elie, this symbolized the death of hope. This is where he started to loose faith in god. Another instance of a hanging, was when the three men where hanged for stealing soup. This did not effect Elie in the same way. He felt that they brought the death on themselves. They were paying the price for stealing the soup. He did not question the hanging. He knew if you break the rules, you will be killed. It was common knowledge in the camps. I am sure the men knew this, they were just overcome with hunger and could not think strait. The hangings lowered Elie's faith in god. Everytime someone died in the camp, Elie would stop believing in god just a little more. This ended with the death of his father. The first hanging Elie witnessed, was devastating. He had never seen anything like it. One horrific experience for Elie was when one person did not die during the hanging. He did not weigh enough for the fall to break his neck. He hung suffocating for a while. All the hangings were terrible experiences for Elie. Nobody could not walk away unaffected by the hangings. Every public killing deteriorated Elie's faith. The sad eyed angel was the end of hope for Elie. After that, he understood the murderous nature of the Holocaust. Elie walked away a completely different person than how he entered.

Youth Justice essays

Youth Justice essays Juvenile delinquency has become a major issue in modern society, causing our society to revisit the foundations of our current juvenile justice, system, and thereby search for a new understanding of the motivations behind juvenile crime. Today's juvenile court system was built on the assumption that juvenile offenders needed to be rehabilitated, helped and assisted in order to escape the life of crime that often encircles the inner city streets. Juvenile offenders were conceptualized as a special case of criminals for any of the following reasons, or more creatively put together by juvenile lawyers, a victim of all these societal Juvenile offenders are considered to not possess the moral capacity to understand the depth of their crimes. They are victims of the social conditions of the neighborhoods which They are likely to outgrow' their criminal behavior. If placed with the adult criminal population they would have little chance of developing into proactive members of society. Based on these assumptions, the juvenile justice system has focused on the care and rehabilitation of the child rather than on punishment and incapacitation. However, a system which treats criminal as victims looses much of its ability to deter crime. Consequently the juvenile justice system has lost much of its impact, and perceived effectiveness. The changing nature of juvenile crime has also placed challenges in front of a system which is struggling to redefine its role in the criminal justice This paradigm has its roots in the Child Saver movement which arose at the end of the 19th century. Self proclaimed humanists, and reformers, the child savers were "dedicated to rescuing those who were less fortunately placed in the social order. Their concern for purity', salvation,' innocence,' corruption,' and protection'...

Dont Be These 5 People at Your Holiday Office Party

Dont Be These 5 People at Your Holiday Office Party The annual office holiday party. Yearly bacchanal of the professionals. Wild, lavish Christmas parties may not be as common in the workplace as they were yesteryear, especially as many companies cut costs. However, odds are good that your employer will do something to acknowledge the season of Christmas/Hanukkah/Kwanzaa/solstice/New Year before everyone leaves for their respective plans. It may seem like an easy event (paaaartay, woo!), but the office party can be a minefield. Here are five cautionary people to keep in mind as you put on that reindeer sweater, sip on some eggnog and get ready to spread some holiday cheer with your colleagues.1. The Drinkervia [giphy.com]Not every holiday party has booze, but if yours does, this is the top area where things can go wrong- especially if there’s an open bar. Never, never forget that you’re at a work event with your colleagues, whether the party is happening in your office or at that cool bar down the street. Try to limit yo urself to one or two drinks. If you end up drinking too much and saying or doing something regrettable, you could find yourself branded for the next year in the office. You should definitely be having fun, but don’t let down your guard so much that you’re reliving your old-school partying days at the office gathering.2. The Food Snobvia [giphy.com]If you have caviar tastes but find yourself at a chips-and-dip party, don’t be the one complaining about the spread- especially if someone else is footing the bill. For many companies, economic realities make a holiday party entirely optional. There just might not be a budget for champagne and fois gras appetizers, so it’s better to embrace that you’re being fed on the company’s dime. This advice goes double if your office shindig is a potluck. Debbie’s festive Jell-O monstrosity might not be to your liking, but making fun of it on Facebook is not going to win you many fans.3. The Dancervia [giphy.com]The office party dance floor is not the time to debut the lambada you taught yourself by watching YouTube videos. It’s also another chance to be wary of how much you’re, uh, enjoying yourself (see #1), keeping in mind that everyone can see you. Also, they likely have smartphones and the wifi connection to put your killer dance moves on the internet. So keep it G-rated, and don’t treat it like an audition for So You Think You Can Dance.  4. The Inappropriate Fashionistavia [giphy.com]Sorry, but office dress code still applies at the office holiday party. I once had a colleague who would disappear into the ladies’ room for an hour before the holiday party, and emerge looking like she was ready for a night at the city’s best clubs- complete with invisibly short skirt and a very low-cut top. Everyone else was wearing the same business-casual outfits they normally wore, so it was definitely†¦ awkward. When choosing an outfit for the ho liday party, stick to clothes you would feel comfortable wearing any other day at work.5. The Monopolizervia [giphy.com]The holiday party is a great chance to talk to colleagues you don’t see often or strike up conversations with people who could be good additions to your network for next year. Try not to spend all your time with the same person. Even if you’re an introvert, the holiday party is a great excuse to be a little extra social- with food and drink to get you relaxed and chatting. So circulate! There’s no need to lock down one person for two hours’ worth of conversation.So yes, there are rules, but the most important one is still this one: have fun! You’ve had a long and productive year, and this is a chance to blow off steam with your coworkers. By paying a little extra attention to how you approach this social-professional hybrid event, you can celebrate with good cheer and go home knowing your name will be gossip-free when you all retu rn after the holidays.

Compare the book and the movie of all the kings men Essay

Compare the book and the movie of all the kings men - Essay Example Movie had in it not only a strong and finest cast but a bit of philosophy, narration, great American prose and most excellent dialogues. Whenever a popular novel is converted into a movie, that too with a huge star cast the expectations of people with the movie rise and with that it is a popular phenomena that people compare novel and the movie. Where words and the feel of the novel attract readers, huge star cast with great dialogues attracts audience in the cinema. Where the novel â€Å"All the King’s men† is not a linear novel, reader can easily get confused at various points as the nature of the novel is anti-chronological. Time Travelling is an important factor in the novel and it often confuses the reader regarding realizing which time period they are in (New York Times,2006). The novel start with the setup in year 1936 where protagonist, Jack Burden remembering a road trip in the year 1933 to Mason city with Willie Stark, Tom Stark who is Willie’s son and Willie’s wife Lucy Stark. They talk about political pressure which Jack’s mentor Judge Irwin was facing. In the novel the conflict between Jack, Willie holds importance as it is the initial stage of the novel and the readers are in good grip of the characters. The readers can now well judge the shady elements in the characters. Judge Irwin is old so the readers can symthatise with him as well. The question which comes in the minds is why all this is happening because they are good friends and they share such a close relationship, what went wrong. The novel is very impactful at this stage and leaves the reader with a question of why this is happening. Movie captures the scene well too but the words expressed in the novel and the feelings which are expressed are more effective in the novel compared to the book. Jack goes in the year 1922, there is a lot of time travelling in the novel which sometimes confuses the reader as well. The Film however is set during early 1950s in Louisiana except for the flashbacks, where the well dressed and popular amongst all and also witty Willie Start is made the governor through the support given to him by the lower social classess.( Movie: All the King’s men) His supporters are his bodyguard friend Sugar boy, the journalist Jack Burden, Tiny Duffy and Stark’s mistress Sadie Burke who will help him against the upper class. Apart from the time setup in the novel and the movie there are some other prominent differences in both as well, from the character development of the Sugar boy who in the book is totally following Willie’s every move however in the movie he plays a silent bodyguard. (Empire Magazine,2006). Another important factor or the dissimilarity is the character development of Jack. Jack’s character in the book is a very complex. He is cynic and indifferent towards life. Jack’s excessive love towards character of Anna Stanton is clearly seen in the book, also Jack’ s anger in the book is far more impactful when he figured out that Willie has taken Anne as a mistress. The movie however was just partially successful in capturing the emotional side of Jack’s character. Particularly, his philosophical discussion in the novel about what he calls "The Great Twitch" is missing in the film. In keeping with the era of the 1930s, Jack is also fairly racist by standards of a later era, an aspect that is not portrayed in the film.   One major setback of the movie was removing Tom Stark’

Describe and compare the economies of the UAE and Australia Essay

Describe and compare the economies of the UAE and Australia - Essay Example During these crises, still there had been economies that featured sustainability and growth. Growth of BRIC countries is no exception. Among the growing economies, Australia also featured sustainability and growth with the support from its rich mineral resource base mainly and sound economic policies while UAE has sustained against the devastating impact of Arab up spring. Based on these facts of sustenance, the purpose of this report is to examine two countries on the economic front exploring similarities and differences in their economic mechanism. Two countries selected for the purpose, includes Australia and UAE as these two countries have made sound efforts in retaining the performance of the economies. INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIES AND CRITICAL BACK GROUND Australia, country comprising entire continent and 48 states, has in the recent past transformed itself as among the internationally competitively advanced market economies. Country is rich with natural resources and hence, attra cts huge foreign investment such as US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project being among the huge investments in the country (CIA, 2012a). As quoted by The Australian Mines and Metals Association projects estimate of $427 billion of resources in pipeline and stated projects include $146 billion project related to liquefied natural gas only (Das, 2012). The country has managed to escape the global financial crises with boomed commodity demand that increased Aussie export by 42% since 2004 only; exports mainly to China (23% of Australian direct export to China) and diversion of investment in commodity due to lost confidence in financial instruments. All these external factors supported by government policies mainly by managing its debt position; reducing annual interest rate from 7.25% to 3.0% managed to minimize the impact of global financial crises. Despite Australian economy has managed to escape the global financial crises; however, the basis that provided country ground to take off flight from financial turmoil are dampening. For increased investment in the commodity by China was resultant of its capacity and need to the balance the risk it (China) had from its investment of US. 3.2 trillion in US dollars, euro- and yen financial securities (Das, 2012). Hence decline in the capacity of China, European banks diverting their investment to domestic market to boost local economy and external funded investment in resource taking sizable portion of the return from to investor leaving less for the country. Moreover, increased debt rollover capacity has also increased the concern for the country and it probability to take off flight, similarly as it did in times global financial crises, are not similarly high. Currently, GDP of the country for the third quarter of 2012 has been 3.10% (as compare to similar period of Y-o-Y basis); overall near to average that country has been maintaining (Trading Economics, 2012a). (International Monetary Fund, 2012) ECONOMIC VARIABLES FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) Australia has managed position among the top ranking countries in fetching

Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology Essay

Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology Essay In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group .In organic chemistry, the electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions are of main importance. Organic substitution reactions are classified into depending on whether the reagent that brings about the substitution is considered an electrophile or a nucleophile, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical or whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. A reaction can be made faster or slower by taking into consideration the temperature and the solvent we are using.A good example of a substitution reaction is the photochemical chlorination of methane forming methyl chloride. Nucleophilic substitution What is a nucleophile Nucleophilic substitution happens when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means the attacking species is a nucleus loving species .it is itself negatively charged or has a lone pair. Such species get attracted to positive or electron deficient carbon centres.. A nucleophile reacts with an aliphatic substrate in a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction. These substitutions can be of two dofferent mechanisms: unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) and bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2). The SN1 mechanism has two steps. In the first step, the leaving group leaves, forming a carbocation. In the second step, the nucleophilic species attacks the carbocation and forms a sigma bond. This mechanism can result in either inversion or retention of configuration. An SN2 reaction has just one step. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group occurs simultaneously. This mechanism always results in inversion of configuration. When the substrate is an aromatic compound the reaction type is nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Electrophilic substitutions What is an electrophile An electrophile is a electron loving species, it itself is positively charged and wants to stabilize itself by making a sigma bond with the electron rich carbon centre. Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. SN1 REACTION The SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction. SN means nucleophilic substitution and the 1 represents the fact that the rate-determining step is unimolecular . Carbocation intermediate is formed in this reaction .It is seen that tertiary carbocations are very stable due to + I effect and thus go for SN1 Reaction. With primary alkyl halides, the alternative SN2 reaction occurs. As primary Alkyl Halides mostly Form primary carbocation which is very unstable and thus have to go through SN2 Substitution reaction. Mechanism An example of a reaction taking place with an SN1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with water forming tert-butyl alcohol: This SN1 reaction takes place in three steps: Formation of a tert-butyl carbocation by separation of a leaving group (a bromide anion) from the carbon atom: this step is slow and reversible. Nucleophilic attack: the carbocation reacts with the nucleophile. If the nucleophile is a neutral molecule (i.e. a solvent) a third step is required to complete the reaction. When the solvent is water, the intermediate is an oxonium ion. This reaction step is fast. Deprotonation: Removal of a proton on the protonated nucleophile by water acting as a base forming the alcohol and a hydronium ion. This reaction step is fast. WHY THIS REACTION OCCURS Bulky atoms(methyl, ethyl) surrounding the carbon atoms mostly allow SNI reaction. As the bulky alkyl halides are attached to the central carbon atom,it is both stabilized by hyperconjugation and +In ductive effect. The SN1 mechanism therefore dominates in reactions at tertiary alkyl centers and is further observed at secondary alkyl centers in the presence of weak nucleophiles. SN2 REACTION The SN2 reaction (also known as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution or as backside attack) is a type of nucleophilic substitution, where a lone pair from a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient electrophilic center and bonds to it, expelling another group called a leaving group. Thus the incoming group replaces the leaving group in one step. Since two reacting species are involved in the slow, rate-determining step of the reaction, this leads to the name bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, or SN2. Among inorganic chemists, the SN2 reaction is often known as the interchange mechanism. REACTION MECHANISM The reaction most often occurs at an aliphatic sp3 carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to it X frequently a halide atom. The breaking of the C-X bond and the formation of the new C-Nu bond occur simultaneously to form a transition state in which the carbon under nucleophilic attack is pentacoordinate, and approximately sp2 hybridised. The nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180 to the leaving group, since this provides the best overlap between the nucleophiles lone pair and the C-X s* antibonding orbital. The leaving group is then pushed off the opposite side and the product is formed. If the substrate under nucleophilic attack is chiral, this can lead, although not necessarily, to an inversion of stereochemistry, called the Walden inversion. SN2 reaction of bromoethane with hydroxide ion. The products are ethanol and a bromide ion. In an example of the SN2 reaction, the attack of OH- (the nucleophile) on a bromoethane (the electrophile) results in ethanol, with bromide ejected as the leaving group. SN2 attack occurs if the backside route of attack is not sterically hindered by substituents on the substrate. Therefore this mechanism usually occurs at an unhindered primary carbon centre. If there is steric crowding on the substrate near the leaving group, such as at a tertiary carbon centre, the substitution will involve an SN1 rather than an SN2 mechanism, (an SN1 would also be more likely in this case because a sufficiently stable carbocation intermediary could be formed.) In coordination chemistry, associative substitution proceeds via a similar mechanism as SN2. FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION 1) The Basicity of the Leaving Group. By comparing the relative SN2 reaction rates of compounds with atoms in the same periodic group (the halides, for example), results show that the ability as a leaving group during an SN2 reaction depends on its basicity. In general, the weaker the basicity of a group, the greater its leaving ability. For example, the iodide ion is a very weak base and because it is so, it is the most reactive. Weak bases do not hold their electrons tightly, making it easier for their bonds to be broken. In contrast, the fluoride ion is a stronger base than the other halides and, therefore, the least reactive. In fact, the fluoride ion is such a strong base that compounds involving them essentially do not undergo SN2 reaction. Looking at the periodic table, relative basicity decreases down a group. (Stronger Base) F- > Cl- > Br- > I- (Weaker Base) 2) The Size of the Nucleophile. How readily a compound attacks an electron-deficient atom also affects an SN2 reaction. As a rule, a negatively charged species (e.g. OH -) are better nucleophiles than neutral species (e.g. H2O, water). There is a direct relationship between basicity and nucleophilicity: stronger bases are better nucleophiles. Acidity, the ability of an atom to give up a proton (H+), is comparatively relative in molecules whose attacking atoms are approximately the same in size, the weakest going toward the left side of the periodic table. If hydrogen were attached to second-row elements of the periodic table, the resulting compounds would have the following relative acidities: (Weaker Acid) NH3 If each of these acids were to give up a hydrogen, the result would be its conjugate base, and the relative strengths will reverse. The stronger base now moves toward the left side of the periodic table. (Stronger Base) -NH2 > HO- > F- (Weaker Base) Elements increase in size down the periodic table. Although basicity decreases down the periodic table, nucleophilicity increases as size increases depending on the solvent used. 3) Solvent. If a reaction is carried out in a protic solvent, whose molecules have a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, the larger atom is a better nucleophile in an SN2 reaction. In other words, the weaker base is the better nucleophile in a protic solvent. For example, the iodide ion is better than a fluoride ion as a nucleophile. However, if the reaction is carried out in an aprotic solvent, whose molecules do not have hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, then the stronger base is the better nucleophile. In this case, the fluoride ion is better than the iodide ion as a nucleophile. 4) Sterics. Steric hindrance is any effect of a compound due to the size and/or arrangement of its substituent groups. Steric effects affect nucleophilicity but does not affect base strength. A bulky nucleophile, such as a tert-butoxide ion with its specific arrangement of methyl groups, is a poorer nucleophile than an ethoxide ion with a straighter chain of carbons, even though tert-butoxide is a stronger base.

In Jane Harrisons play Stolen Essay

In Jane Harrison’s play, ‘Stolen’, the characters of Ruby, Anne and Jimmy are utilised in order to position the audience to feel sympathetic towards those affected by the ‘Stolen Generation’. Through her plot Harrison is able to demonstrate the pain faced by the characters. Furthermore, through her script, she is also able to show the mental disintegration of the characters throughout time. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the ways in which she has used these particular facets of her play in order to rouse the emotions of the audience. Jane Harrison utilizes the script of the play ‘Stolen’ to position the audience to feel sympathy for Anne. Anne is an aboriginal female who, adopted at a young age by a white Australian family. Anne was chosen by the white couple because ‘she was by far the best’ (THE CHOSEN pg 7). Anne is seen to have a ‘good upbringing’ (THE CHOSEN pg 7) compared to the other characters in ‘Stolen’. She receives a ‘sense of security’ (THE CHOSEN pg 7) and ‘a good education’ (THE CHOSEN pg 7), but Harrison reveals to the audience that Anne has to confront problems that none of the other characters have to face. Later on in the play, Anne is confused when she asks the question ‘Am I Black or White?’ (AM I BLACK OR WHITE? pg 28). Anne is torn between her origin and the people she has been brought up with. Harrison demonstrates this theme of ‘not belonging anywhere ‘through the script. Phrases such as ‘We’ve given you everything’ (AM I BLACK OR WHITE? pg 28) opposed to ‘But we’re your real family’ (AM I BLACK OR WHITE? pg 28). Harrison creates a binary opposition between the aboriginals, Anne’s blood and race, and the white Australians. Anne is rejected from both families, thus being rejected from everyone she knows, not belonging anywhere. Therefore, Harrison presents her view to the audience that even though Anne was better of materially compared to the other characters she had to experience a different type of pain that the other characters in ‘Stolen’ do not have to encounter. Harrison portrays the message that all children of the ‘Stolen Generation’ suffered, physically and/or mentally. Harrison uses the character Ruby to show the audience how mentally affected a child from the ‘Stolen Generation’ can be. Ruby was taken away from her family at a young age, just like many other children of the ‘Stolen Generation’. Harrison positions the audience to see that Ruby had to go through hard times as a child in the orphanage. In the scene ‘UNSPOKEN ABUSE 1’ (pg 8), Ruby has come back from a weekend away with a white family, the other children are curious and ask Ruby â€Å"What else did ya do?† (UNSPOKEN ABUSE 1, pg 8), and Ruby replies with â€Å"Promised not to tell† (UNSPOKEN ABUSE 1, pg 8). The audience does not know what happened to Ruby on that weekend but by the language Harrison has used, it seems that whatever actions that occurred on that weekend had affected Ruby had changed her. Harrison shows the audience in ‘RUBY COMFORTING HER BABY’ (pg. 9), that Ruby was an ordinary girl who played ‘with her doll’ (RUBY COMFORTING HER BABY, pg. 9). This same scene also shows the audience the horrible memories that Ruby have in her young mind, as Ruby is nurturing her doll, she seems like she is pretending to be her own mother and the doll being her. Ruby tells her doll ‘I love you Ruby’ (RUBY COMFORTING HER BABY pg.9). When Ruby grows up and leaves the orphanage, she goes and works for a white family. One day, her family come to visit, but it is revealed to the audience that Ruby is mentally disabled and is not well. Ruby’s family want to take her home but Ruby replies â€Å"Don’t live in no home any more. I work for the Hardwick’s† (RUBY’S FAMILY COME TO VISIT, pg. 31). It is clearly shown that Ruby cannot see that those people are her family. Harrison displays to the audience that in Ruby’s mind, Ruby believes that she has no family, reinforcing the fact that the children of the ‘Stolen Generation’ suffered immensely. Harrison shows the audience throughout th e play, the downfall of Ruby’s mental state Jimmy is a character in the play ‘Stolen’, who is an aboriginal male who has experienced pain throughout the play and this is shown through the play with the Harrison’s use of the plot and script. The character Jimmy spent his childhood years in an orphanage. The audience see that Jimmy had been brought up with no parents, just like many of the other characters in ‘Stolen’. Like Ruby, Jimmy goes away with a white family for a weekend and comes back changed, more timid than before. Jimmy grows up and leaves the orphanage he enters a bar and some indigenous people recognised him as ‘Wajurri’ (JIMMY’S STORY, pg. 27), and they said they knew his mother. Jimmy comes to visit her but before he can meet his mother, she dies. Jimmy is so devastated that he kills himself to finally ‘go meet my mother’ (SANDY AT THE END OF THE ROAD, pg. 36). The characters Ruby, Jimmy and Anne have many similarities and differences throughout the play and Harrison uses these similarities and differences through the script and plot. Both Ruby and Anne eventually meet their families. At the end of the play, Anne is accepted by her aboriginal and white families, feeling a sense of belonging towards both of her families. The audience see that Ruby is become completely insane and even though she faces her family, she does not believe that it is her family and goes back to work. Jimmy does not get to meet his family. When Jimmy is grown up, he discovers that his mother is alive, but when he comes to visit her, he finds out that she has died. This was extremely traumatic for Jimmy, and he couldn’t endure the grief and resorts to ending his own life. Jimmy, Ruby and Anne all faced mentally enduring events at some point in their lives. But only the only happing ending out of these three characters is the one of Anne’s. Ruby’s end is a more tragic one, as she is permanently scarred from the events that have occurred to her in her life. Jimmy also suffers a tragic end as the he commits suicide. Harrison depicts the harshness and undergone by both of these characters. Ruby and Jimmy’s upbringing were very dissimilar in comparison to Anne’s, Anne living in a family that cared and provided for her, was contrasted by Harrison, towards Jimmy and Ruby’s lifestyle. Both Jimmy and Ruby were brought up in an orphanage with other aboriginal children whose families were also taken away from them. The play ‘Stolen’, written by Jane Harrison shows the audience the hardship undergone by the characters, Ruby, Jimmy and Anne. Though they are different in many aspects, these characters share the pain of not knowing where to belong and this is shown by Harrison puts forward this idea through her use of the plot and the script. WORKS CITED Harrison, Jane. Stolen. (3rd rev. Edition) Strawberry Hills: Currency Press, 2007

Who Is Hispanic An Individual Of Cuban - 928 Words

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The OMB defines Latino or Hispanic as, â€Å"a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race,† (â€Å"About-About Hispanic Origin†). The OMB mandates that government agencies use Hispanic/Latino or not Hispanic/Latino as the minimum necessary ethnicities when collecting and reporting data, (â€Å"Hispanic Origin†). Hispanic/Latino are used as a â€Å"panethnic,† (Mora) or umbrella classification in the ethnicity category and Hispanic/Latino orShow MoreRelatedThe Issue of Immigration: The Hispanic-American Diversity1456 Words   |  6 Pagesdirected toward individuals identified with Hispanic cultures (Guittierrez, 2006). There is a misconception among many Americans that all Hispanic cultures are identical in religion, linguistic, political, social, and family conventions and this misconception too often leads to biases and prejudices that create barriers. 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Leaders of the American Revolution

The American Revolution began in 1775 and led to the rapid formation of American armies to oppose the British. While British forces were largely led by professional officers and filled with career soldiers, the American leadership and ranks were filled with individuals drawn from all walks of colonial life. Some American leaders, such as George Washington, possessed extensive service in the militia, while others came directly from civilian life. The American leadership was also supplemented by foreign officers recruited in Europe, though these were of varying quality. During the early years of the conflict, American forces were hampered by poor generals and those who had achieved their rank through political connections. As the war wore on, many of these were replaced as competent and skilled officers emerged. American Revolution Leaders: American Major General William Alexander, Lord Stirling - noted brigade, division, and department commanderLieutenant Colonel Ethan Allen - Commander, Green Mountain Boys during 1775 attack on Fort TiconderogaMajor General Benedict Arnold - noted field commander, famously changed sides in 1780 becoming one of historys best-known traitorsCommodore John Barry - noted naval commanderBrigadier General George Rogers Clark - Conqueror of the Old NorthwestMajor General Horatio Gates - Commander, Northern Department, 1777-1778, Southern Department, 1780Colonel Christopher Greene - Commander at Fort Mercer, Battle of Red BankMajor General Nathanael Greene - Commander, Continental Army in the South (1780-1783)Commodore John Paul Jones - Key American naval commanderMajor General Henry Knox - American artillery commanderMarquis de Lafayette - Noted French volunteer in American serviceMajor General Charles Lee - Controversial American field commanderMajor General Henry Light Horse Harry Lee - noted Americ an cavalry/light infantry commanderMajor General Benjamin Lincoln - Commander, Southern Department (1778-1780)Brigadier General Francis Marion - The Swamp Fox - Noted guerilla leaderBrigadier General Hugh Mercer - American general killed in 1777Major General Richard Montgomery - Promising American general killed at the Battle of QuebecBrigadier General Daniel Morgan - Key commander at Saratoga and CowpensMajor Samuel Nicholas - Founding Officer, US Marine CorpsBrigadier General Count Casimir Pulaski - Father of the America CavalryMajor General Arthur St. Clair - Commander at Fort Ticonderoga, 1777Major General John Stark - Victor of BenningtonMajor General Baron Friedrich von Steuben - Inspector General, Continental ArmyMajor General John Sullivan - Division Commander (1776-1778), Commander, Rhode Island (1778), Sullivan Expedition (1779)General George Washington - Commander in Chief, Continental ArmyMajor General Anthony Wayne - Daring American commander who saw extensive service American Revolution Leaders - British Major John Andre - British spymasterLieutenant General John Burgoyne - British commander at the Battle of SaratogaGovernor Major General Sir Guy Carleton - British Governor of Quebec (1768-1778, commander-in-chief in America (1782-1783)General Sir Henry Clinton - British commander-in-chief in America (1778-1782)Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis - British commander in the South, forced to surrender at the Battle of YorktownMajor Patrick Ferguson - inventor of the Ferguson rifle, commander at the Battle of Kings MountainGeneral Thomas Gage - governor of Massachusetts, commander-in-chief in America (1775)Vice Admiral Richard Howe - Commander, North American Station (1776-1778)General Sir William Howe - British commander-in-chief in American (1775-1778)Admiral Lord George Rodney - British naval commanderLieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton - noted British cavalry commander